H y d r o g e n P ro d u c t i o n : �

A S u rv e y o f M e t h o d s �

L e c t ure 3a �

22.033 / 22.33 – N uc l e a r E ngi ne e ri n g D e s i gn P r oj e c t �

S e pt e m be r 19, 2011 �

H y d r o g e n - M a j o r C o n s i de r a t i o n s �

Wh a t tem p era tu re(s )?

– D et e r m i nes w h a t heat so ur c e t o use Ov e rall c o s t p e r GG E (g allo n o f g as e qu iv .) Are th e r e an y e m is s io n s ?

Wh a t n ew te c h no lo g i e s c a n im pro v e th i n g s ?

*H o w mu c h d o y o u wa n t to m a k e?

– D o y ou ca r e abou t t h e cost ?

H y d r o g e n – T h e K v æ r n e r P r o c e s s

Z a p h y d r o c a rbo n s w it h a p l a s m a a r c t o d is s oc ia te the m :

C x H y 

*B u rns f u e l!

*1 6 0 0 ° C !

( P l a s m a A r c )  x C

( s ) 

y ( g )

2 2

– O t h e r p r o c ess e s al so gassi f y f u e l s . .. �

H y d r o g e n – E l e c t r o l y s i s (L o w - T ) �

License CC BY-NC-SA .

Hig h c e ll v olta ge ( > 1 .2 3V )

I m a ge source: W h a t c a n we d o ? ? ?

ht t p: / / w w w .i n s t r uc t a bl es . c o m / i d/ Sep a r a t e -

H y d r o g en - an d - O xy g en - f r o m - W a t e r - T hr o u g h- E l /

License CC BY-NC-SA

H y d r o g e n – E l e c t r o l y s i s (H i g h T ) �

Pl o t gener at ed us i ng H S C 6.0 �

Ra i s e t he t e m pe ra t ur e

– � L ow e r s E c e l l , Δ G t o d i sso c i a t e w a t e r

T hr e e c yc l e s us e hi gh t e m p. e l e c . (H T E ) a t ~8 5 0 ° C �

– I S P R A Ma r k 1 3

– H yb r i d su l f ur ( H yS ) �

• � A l so kn o w n a s W S P , G A - 22 a n d I S P R A

Ma r k 1 1

– S ul f u r i o d i n e

H y d r o g e n – H T E T h e o r y �

T ↑ → E A , d i s s o c i a t e ↓ [H 2 SO 4 ] ↑ → V c e l l ↓

St e p 1 : 2 H 2 S O 4

 2 H 2 O  2 S O 3

 2 S O 2

 2 H 2 O  O 2

St e p 2 ( S- I , I SP R A - 1 3 ) :

( I , B r ) 2

 S O 2

 2 H 2 O  2 H

( I , B r

)  H 2 S O 4

St e p 3 ( S- I , I SP R A - 1 3 ) : 2 H

( I , B r )

 H 2 

( I , B r ) 2

St e p 2 ( W S P ) : S O 2

 2 H 2 O  H 2 S O 4

 H 2

A l l r e q u i r e i n p u t h e a t a t ~ 8 5 0 ° C

H y d r o g e n – S u l f u r I o d i n e P r o c e s s �

So ur c e: C . Fo r s be r g et al . “ A L o w er - T em p er at u r e I o d i n e- W es t i n g ho u s e - I s p r a Su l f u r Pr o c es s f o r T h er m oc h em i cal Pr od u ct i o n o f H y d r o g en .”2 0 0 3 A N S W i n t er M e et i n g , N e w O r l e an s , L A ( 20 0 3 ) . �

Courtesy of Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

H y d r o g e n – H y S (W S P . . . ) , I S P R A

Mo r e o n t hi s so on . ..

So u r ce: C . Fo r s b er g et al . “ A L o we r - T e m p e r a t u r e I o di n e - W e s t i ng hous e - I s pr a S ul f ur Pr o c e s s f or T h e r m o c h e m i c a l Pr oduc t i on of H y dr oge n.” 200 3

a s S - I pro c e s s A N S W i n t er M eet i ng , N e w

O r l e an s , L A ( 2 0 0 3 ) .

Courtesy of Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

H y d r o g e n – L o w e r i n g H T S E T e m p .

Courtesy of Trans Tech Publications. Used with permission.

So u r c e: W a ch , R .A ., Su g i m o t o, M . e t a l ., D e ve l op m en t o f Si l i c on C ar b i d e C o at i n g on A l 2 O 3 C e r a m i c s f r o m

Pr e cu r s o r Po l y m er s b y R ad i at i o n C u r i n g , K e y E n gi n ee r i n g M a t e r i al s , v o l .3 1 7, 2 00 6 , p.5 7 3 - 5 7 6

R em o v e p r o d u c t s t o �

s h i f t e q u i lib rium �

– Na no por ous c e r a m ic s

– Na no por ous m e m b r a n e s

– � Knud s e n dif f us i on o r m ol e c u la r s ie vin g

2 H 2 S O 4  2 H 2 O  2 S O 3  2 S O 2  2 H 2 O  O 2

H y d r o g e n – N e w M e t h o d s

M i c r obi a l pr oduc t i on L T U E

– S om e b a c t e ri a – T he ' U ' s t a nds f or ' u r i ne ' pr oduc e H 2 w he n – U re a c ont a i n s f our de pr i ve d of s u l f ur w e a kl y- b ou n d

– E . Col i , C. b ut yri c um , hy d r oge n a t om s

Cl os t ri di a , m a ny – V c e l l = 0 . 3 7V

ot he rs c a n pr od u c e – U s e s N i , n o t Pt H 2 f r om orga ni c s f or a c a t a l ys t

So ur c e: R . N a n di an d S . Sen g u p t a . C r i t i c al R e vi ew s i n M i c r obi ol o gy . V o l . 2 4, N o . 1 , p p . 6 1- 8 4 ( 1 9 9 8) .

Public domain image (source: Wikipedia).

I m a g e : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Urea-3D-balls.png

Sc i e nc e: B K B o g g s , R L K i n g an d G G B o t t e , C h em .

C om m un., pp. 4859- 48 61 ( 2009)

B i o f u e l P r o d u c t i o n : �

M o r e T ha n B o v i n e E m i s s i o n s �

L e c t ur e 3b �

22.033 / 22.33 – N uc l e a r E ngi ne e ri n g D e s i gn P r oj e c t �

S e pt e m be r 19, 2011 �

B i o f u e l s – B a s i c Th e o ry �

P ro d uc e h y d roc a rb on s fro m C- an d H -b ea rin g c h e mic a ls

– “B u r n i n r ever s e ”

Co n s u m e s la r g e a m o un ts o f e n e r g y M a j o r ad v a nta g e s :

– C a r bo n se q uest r a t i o n

– U se of w a s t e s f r o m cr o p pr od uct i on

– Fossi l f uel d i spl ac em ent

B i o f u e l s – E t h a n o l f ro m C e l l u l o s e �

Courtesy of Derek Brooks. Used with permission.

M a de fr o m e n z ym a t ic d e c o mp o s it io n o f lig n oc e llu l o s e

– P roduc e s t oxi ns

– “ B ur n i ng f ood” c o nc e rn

– L i gni n ( w oody) f r a c t i on i s ha r d t o us e , no rm a l l y burne d

So u r c e: L . O . I n g r am et al . B i o t ec hn o l .

I m a g e s our c e : ht t p: / / de re k.br oox .c om / phot os / b roox m obi l e / 1 12 4 6/ Pr o g. V ol . 15 , p p. 8 5 5 - 8 6 6 ( 1 9 9 9) .

B i o f u e l s – E n t e r N u c l e a r H e a t �

©NREL. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse .

I m ag e So u r ce :

Hig h T p roc e s s h e at o p e n s d oo rs

– R e q ui r e d f or ef f i ci e n t f uel p r odu c t i o n i n:

• S ynga s pr oduc t i on

• F i s c he r -T r ops c h (F - T ) di e s e l �

h t t p : / / w w w .nr e l .g o v/ v eh i cl es a n df u el s / n pb f / ga s _ l i q ui d .ht m l s ubs t i t ut e s

B i o f u e l s - S y n g a s �

P ar t i a l l y com b ust f e edst o c k w i t h O 2 , cr e at e C O + H 2

– F e e d s t oc ks : c oa l , pl a nt s

– T ra di t i ona l c oa l -t o- l i qui ds (CT L ) t e c hnol ogi e s ge t a bout 1/ 3 of t he c a rbon i nt o fu e l

• W i t h e nough H 2 (f ro m nuc l e a r pl a nt ) a nd he a t , a l m os t a l l c a rbon c a n be c a pt ure d a nd us e d

– S ynga s c a n be burne d a s f u e l , o r f e d a s fe e ds t oc k t o F -T s ynt h e s i s

S ou rc e : E . A . H a rve g o, M . G . M c K e l l a r, a nd J . E . O ’B ri e n. “ S y s t e m A na l y s i s of N uc l e a r -A s s i s t e d S y ng a s P rod u c t i o n f rom C oa l .”

J . E ng . G a s T urbi ne s P ow e r , V ol . 131: 4 (2009) .

B i o f u e l s – F - T F u e l S y n t h e s i s �

Cre a t e l iq u id fue ls (d ies e ls ) fr o m C O + H 2 �

( 2 n  1 ) H 2

 n CO  C n H ( 2 n  2 )

 n H 2 O

T e mp e ra ture s o f 1 5 0-3 0 0 ° C �

E fficie n t F -T s y n the s is re qu ire s H 2 : C O = 2 �

– Fe edst o c k , l i ke c o a l , i s o f t en H 2 def i ci e n t

– N u c l ear - gener at e d H 2 i s a g ood s up pl e m ent

B i o f u e l s – E x a m p l e S y n g a s / F -T

© Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley And Sons Inc. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse .

* * * So ur c e, M . L a s er et a l . B i o f u el s , B i o pr o d . B i or e f . 3 : 2 3 1 – 24 6 ( 20 0 9 ) .

B i o f u e l s – O t h e r M et h o d s �

E lec tro fue ls

– � Us e s s y n ga s a s �

f e e ds t oc k �

– � M ic r obe s a c t a s c a ta ly s is in f u e l c e lls

– � P os s i bil itie s f or c r e a ting je t f u e l

– � M o s t a r e in e a r l y s t a ge s of R &D

ht t p: / / a rpa -e .e ne rg y .g o v/ P rog r a m s P r oj e c t s / E l e c t r ofue l s .a s p x

Alg a e Gro w t h

– � G r o w s 20- 30 tim e s f a s te r tha n f o od c r o ps

– V e r y lo w T h e a t

– � L ip id & c a r boh y dr a te c ont e nt of a lga e d e te r m in e s f u e l p r od uc t ion

– C a n be c on ta m in a te d �

– C om m e r c ia l v ia bi lity ... �

H . C. G r e e nw e l l e t a l . J . R . S oc . I nt e rf a c e 7: 46 pp . 70 3 -726 (2010) .

B i o f u e l s – M a j o r Q u e s t i o n s �

Wh a t fee d s toc k w il l y ou us e ? �

Wh a t p r o d u cts will y o u p r o d u c e? �

Wh a t tem p era tu res do yo u h a v e to wo rk w ith? �

Wh a t p r o c e s s (e s ) will y o u u s e ? �

I f/H ow to u s e h y d r o g e n in b i o fu e l p r o d u c ti o n ? �

Ho w m uc h d o y o u w a nt t o pro d u ce ? �

Wh a t a r e t h e e c o n om ic s o f yo u r c h o ice s ? �

T h e D e s i g n P ro c e s s : �

D e c i s i o n s , D e c i s i o n s . . . �

L e c t ure 3c �

22.033 / 22.33 – N uc l e a r E ngi ne e ri n g D e s i gn P r oj e c t �

S e pt e m be r 19, 2011 �

T h e E n g i n e e r i n g D e s i g n P ro c e s s �

W e e ks 5-8

W e e ks 1-2

I T E R A T E !

W e e ks 3-4

(Public domain image . ) h t t p : / / w w w .na s a.g o v/ a ud i en c e/ f o r ed u ca t o r s / p l a n t g r o w t h / r ef er en ce / E n g _ D es i g n_ 5 - 1 2 . h t m l

S t e p s 1 & 2 – P r o b l e m I d e n t i f i c a t i o n & C o n s t r a i n t s

I d e n t ify k e y p a rt s of t h e p ro ble m (c on s tra i n ts )

Un d ers ta n d th e pro b l e m s ta tem e n t : D e s i g n a n o n - P W R/B WR th a t p r o d u ce s hy d ro ge n a n d b io fue ls , s u b jec t to :

– M u st b e abl e t o p r od uce at l east 1 00MWe �

– Pr o duce at l east o ne a l t er n a t i v e f uel so ur c e �

– H 2 & b i of uel s pr o c esses m ust be som ew ha t d e m o n st r at e d

S t e p s 3 & 4 – B r a i n s t o rm �

S o l u t i o n s , G e n e r a t e I d e a s �

T h in k o f d i ffe ren t w a y s to s o lv e th e p rob le m �

– D i f f e r e n t cor e op t i on s

– D i f f e r e n t H 2 & bi o f u e l pr od uct i on m et hod s

– What t o o f f e r a s po ssi b l e pr od uct s

– H o w m uch of eac h p r o du c t t o m a k e i n d i f f er ent sce n a r i os

S t e p 5 – E x p l o r e P o s s i b i l i t i e s �

RE S E A RC H!!!

– S e e wh a t' s o u t th e r e , a n d wh e r e to f ind it.

– S HA R E th is inf or m a tion w ith e v e r yo n e

– C olle c t yo u r f in din g s , c o mp a r e to y ou r in itia l id e a s f o r s o lutio n s

I T E RA T E : R e t u rn to s tep 3 u n t il y o u re a ch “ in form a ti o n s a tu r a tion ”

– Yo u w ill le a r n w he n d im in is h in g r e tu r n s k ic k in �

S t e p 6 ( 1 / 2 ) – D o w n - s e l e c t i o n , C h o o s e a n O v e r a l l S t ra t e g y

T eam s : cho os e i m por t a n ce m et r i cs , eval u a t e p r i or i t i es , nar r ow do w n cho i ce s a n d i t e r at e

P os s i bl e c hoi c e s

G r ou p d i s c u s s i on s : w hi ch choi ce s F e w f i n a l c ont e nde r s

ar e l i k e l y t o l e ad t o t he bes t f o r H oQ o r ot he r

d es i g n? A r e y our t eam 's choi ces

cr o s s - com p at i bl e w i t h e ach o t her ?

Chos e n de s i gn pa t h

f o rm a l m e t ri c

S t e p 6 ( 2 / 2 ) – D o w n - s e l e c t i o n , I m p o rt a n c e M e t ri c s

O n e m e t h od : Th e H ou se o f Q ual i t y ( H oQ )

– � M a t c he s e n gin e e r in g r e qu ir e m e nts w ith c us to m e r de s i r e s

– T h e “ c u s tom e r ” i s th e

U.S . e ne r gy d e m a nd �

( y o u will e s tim a te it ) �

– � Y ou a s s ign pr oba bili tie s

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

O n l i n e T u t o r i a l : h t t p : / / w w w . w e b d u c a t e . n e t / q f d / q f d - h o q - t u t o r i a l . s w f �

T e m p l a t e s : h t t p : / / w w w . q f d o n l i n e . c o m / t e m p l a t e s / q f d - a n d - h o u s e - o f -

q u a l i t y- t e m p l a t e s / �

t o d if f e r e nt de s i gn a s pe c ts

S t e p 7 – S t a r t D e s i g n i n g ! �

S ta r t b uild ing blo c k d iag ra ms , in s e rting a n d /or es tima tin g initia l p ara m e t e rs , in p u t s & o u tp u t s f o r e n e rgy & m a s s flow

S e e if a n y t h in g d o es n 't wo rk , vio la t e s th e la ws o f ph y s i c s , e t c .