C o r e G r o u p �
N o n - P W R / B W R R e a c t o r s �
L e c t ure 1 �
22.033 / 22.33 – N uc l e a r E ngi ne e ri n g D e s i gn P r oj e c t �
S e p. 12, 2011 �
M a i n P a r a m e t e r s t o C o ns i d e r �
C oo la nt M o d e r a to r T h e rmo . c y c l e T i n & T ou t
Ne u tron s pe c tr u m M a te r ia ls
Pow e r d en s ity
Sp e cia l fe a t u re s C o mm e r c ia l
re ad in es s
Sa f e ty
(a ctiv e/p a s s i v e ) E ffi c ie nc y
Fu e l
R e l a t i v e S c a l e s f o r P a ra m e t e r s �
O u t l e t T e m p e r a t u r e L ow : < 40 0 ° C
L ow - t e m p p r oc e ss h e a t f o r H 2 & b i o f u e l s
M e di um : 400- 700 ° C H i g he r t e m p . p r o c e ss h e a t f or m or e f l e x i b i l i t y
H i gh : > 700 ° C
V e r y hi gh qu a l i t y pr oc e ss h e a t , m a x i m um f l e x i b i l i t y
P o w e r l e v e l
L ow : 10 0 -300M W e
M e di um : 300-750M W e H i gh : > 750M W e
F e a s i b i l i t y
L o w : T e s t r e a c t or s onl y M e d i um : F e w op e r a t e d pl a nt s , s om e de s i g n s H i gh : O pe ra t i ng p l a nt s ,
m a t ure de s i g ns
A c r o n y m s ! �
RB MK
CAN DU
L B E FR
I FR
L BE
NNF R LF R
AG R
GFR
P HWR
MSR
VHTR SCW R
SFR P B MR N a K
G a s C o o l e d R e a c t or s �
M o re a c ron y m s :
-N U (n a tu r a l u ra niu m )
-(L , M ,H )E U – ( lo w , m e d ium , hig h ) e n r ic h e d ura n iu m
A G R
(A d v a n c e d G a s - c o o l e d R e a c t o r)
C oo l ant : C O 2 T out : M ed- hi g h Fu e l : L EU
M o der at o r : G r aphi t e
Po w er l eve l : M ed .
Po w er densi t y: L ow (W h y? )
© Wikipedia User: MesserWoland. License CC BY-SA. This content is excluded from our
Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse .
Fea s i bi l i t y: H i g h
A G R
S p e c i a l Fe a t u r e s , P e c u l i a r i t i e s
C a p a b l e of o n- l oad f uel i ng ( or p a r t - l o ad)
G r a p hi t e m o der at or m ust be c o ol ed du e t o ox i dat i on i n C O 2
Courtesy of Sellafield Ltd. Used with permission.
W i n d s c al e Pr ot o t y p e A G R �
I m ag e s o u r ce: h t t p : / / w w w . s el l a f i e l d s i t e s .co m / �
P B M R �
(P e b b l e B e d M o d u l a r R e a c t o r ) �
Public domain image.
Adapt ed f rom: W iki m edi a Com m ons �
C oo l a n t : H e l i um T o u t : H i g h
Fuel : L E U - M EU
M o der at or : G r a p hi t e Pow er l e v e l : L o w – M ed. Pow er densi t y : Low Fe asi b i l i t y: L o w – M ed.
P B M R
S p e c i a l Fe a t u r e s , P e c u l i a r i t i e s
5mm Graphite Layer
Coated Particles Imbedded in Graphite Matrix
Diameter 60 mm
Fuel Spher e
Pyr olytic Carbon
Silicon Carbite Barrier Coating
Inner Pyr olytic Carbon
Half Section
Por ous Carbon Buffer
Diameter 0,92mm
Coated Particle
Diameter 0,5mm Uranium Dioxide
Fuel
Fuel Element Design for PBMR
C on t i n uo us f u el cycl e Pe b bl e f uel ( no t r o ds)
Pe b bl es a ct as bui l t - i n d i spo sal m et ho ds
V e ry p assi ve s a f et y s yst em s ( n a t . c i r c .)
U n kno w ns: m a t er i al
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
con ce r ns ( f i ssi o n p r odu c t s) , st r esses
V H T R
(V e r y H i g h T e m p e r a t u re R e a c t or )
C oo l a n t : H e l i um , m ol t e n sal t T out : H i g h ( v er y! )
Fuel : L E U - M EU
M o der at or : G r a p hi t e Pow er l e v e l : L o w
Pow er densi t y : Low o r hi g h
Courtesy of Idaho National Laboratory. Used with permission. Fe asi b i l i t y: L o w – M ed.
V H T R
S p e c i a l Fe a t u r e s , P e c u l i a r i t i e s
5mm Graphite Layer
Coated Particles Imbedded in Graphite Matrix
Diameter 60 mm
Fuel Spher e
Half Section
Pyr olytic Carbon
Silicon Carbite Barrier Coating Inner Pyr olytic Carbon
Por ous Carbon Buffer
Diameter 0,92mm
Coated Particle
Diameter 0,5mm Uranium Dioxide
Fuel
Fuel Element Design for PBMR
H i g h T o ut opens u p a l l d oo r s t o hy dr og e n
Si gni f i ca n t h i gh -T m at er i al s c o nce r ns
M o l t e n sal t va r i et y c an b e m or e cor r osi v e
Si ngl e phase co ol a n t
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
T R I SO par t i cl es, up s & d ow ns
W a t e r C o o l ed R e a c t o r s �
M o re a c ron y m s / s y m bo ls : �
-D 2 O – D eu t e rium o x id e ( h ea v y wa te r) �
C A N D U – (C A N a d a D e u t e r i u m - U ra n i u m r e a c t o r ) �
Courtesy of Wikipedia User:Inductiveload. Used with permission.
Adapt ed f rom: W iki m edi a Com m ons
C oo l a n t : D 2 O T o ut : L ow
Fuel : N U - LE U ( Why ? )
M o der at or : D 2 O
Pow e r l e v e l : M ed. - H i g h Pow e r densi t y : Me d.
Fe asi b i l i t y: H i gh
C A N D U
S p e c i a l Fe a t u r e s , P e c u l i a r i t i e s
C on t i n uo us f u el cycl e �
E xp ensi v e m od e r a t o r
- ~25% o f c a p ita l c os t
M o der at or i s u np r essu r i ze d , t h er m al l y i nsu l a t ed
Courtesy of NSERC-UNENE Industrial Research Chair Program at University of Waterloo. Used with permission.
C A N D U f u e l b u nd l e. I m a g e s o ur c e: h t t p: / / w w w .ci v i l . u w at er l oo .ca / w a t r i s k / r es ear c h.h t m l
R B M K – R e a k t o r B o l s h o y M o s h c h n o s t i K a n a l n i y
C oo l a n t : H 2 O T o ut : L ow
Fuel : N U - LE U
M o der at or : G r a p hi t e Pow e r l e v e l : H i g h
© Wikipedia Users: Fireice and Sakurambo. License CC BY-SA. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more
Pow e r densi t y : Low
information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse .
I m a ge s o u r c e : W i ki m edi a Comm ons Fe asi b i l i t y: M ed. ( saf et y)
R B M K
S p e c i a l F e a t u re s , P e c u l i a ri t i e s
Photo courtesy of Wikipedia User:Cs szabo. License CC BY.
O n l i ne r ef uel i ng pos si bl e H i g h pos i t i ve v oi d
coef f i ci e n t – Wh y?
I m p r o vem e n t s i n desi gn
- N o m o r e g r a ph ite - tipp e d c ont r ol r od s
- M o r e c ont r ol r od s
S C W R
S u p e r c ri t i a l W a t e r R e a c t o r
Courtesy of Idaho National Laboratory. Used with permission.
C oo l a n t : SC - H 2 O T o ut : M ed.
Fuel : N U - LE U
M o der at or : S C - H 2 O
Pow e r l e v e l : H i g h Pow e r densi t y : H i gh Fe asi b i l i t y: L ow ( n ow )
S C W R
S p e c i a l F e a t u re s , P e c u l i a ri t i e s
V er y s i m pl e d e si g n Si gni f i ca n t m at er i al s
con ce r ns
C oo l a nt / m oder at o r v oi d i ng a n on- i ss ue
H i g h e f f i ci ency
St a r t - u p pr oce d ur es ( pr e -
© Geothermania. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse .
Ph as e di ag r am f o r w at er . I m a ge s o ur c e:
h t t p : / / g eo t h e r m a ni a.b l og s p o t . c o m / 2 0 11 / 0 5/ r es ear ch - o f - s u p er c r i t i c al - w a t er - m a y .ht m l
h e at i ng ) t o br i ng coo l a n t s up e r c r i t i al
L i q u i d M e t a l C o o l e d R e a c t o rs �
M o re a c ron y m s / s y m bo ls :
-L BE – L e ad -b is m u th e ute c tic
-N aK – So d i u m -po ta s s iu m a ll o y
S F R ( o r N a K - F R )
S o d i u m F a s t R e a c t o r
Courtesy of Idaho National Laboratory. Used with permission.
C oo l a n t : Li qui d s odi u m T o ut : M ed.
Fuel : N E U - H E U
M o der at or : N on e Pow e r l e v e l s : A l l Pow e r densi t y : H i gh Fe asi b i l i t y: L ow - M ed.
( n ow )
S F R
N o p r essu r i zat i o n V er y h i gh k , c P H i g h m a t er i al
com p at i b i l i t y
H i g h boi l i ng m ar gi n N eut r on ac t i v at i o n –
S p e c i a l F e a t u re s , P e c u l i a ri t i e s
Courtesy of and copyright Bruno Comby / EFN - Environmentalists For Nuclear Energy - http://www.ecolo.org . Used with permission.
w o r ker d ose co nc er ns
M o l t e n s od i u m a t M O N J U , J ap a n . I m a g e s o u r c e: h t t p : / / w w w .eco l o.o r g / p h o t o s / v i s i t e/ m on j u_ 0 2 / m o n j u .s o d i u m
Na + H
2 O = R UN A W AY
L F R (o r L B E F R )
L e a d F a s t R e a c t o r
Courtesy of Idaho National Laboratory. Used with permission.
C oo l a n t : Le ad ( o r LB E ) T o ut : M ed. ( hi g her so on... ) Fuel : M E U
M o der at or : N on e Pow e r l e v e l s : A l l Pow e r densi t y : H i gh Fe asi b i l i t y: L ow - M ed.
( n ow )
L F R
S p e c i a l F e a t u re s , P e c u l i a ri t i e s
A l f a- cl a s s R u s s i an s u b m ar i ne , u s i n g a L FR as i t s pr o p u l s i o n
H i g h hea t ca paci t y Se l f - s hi el di n g
M u st m el t coo l a n t f i r st E ss e nt i al l y no c oo l a n t
v oi d i n g po ssi b l e
Pol on i um c r ea t i o n M at e r i a l cor r o si on
s y s t e m . I m age s o u r c e: W i k i m ed i a C om m o n s C ool ant cost ( LB E )
(Public domain)
M o l t e n S a l t C o o l e d R e a c t o r s �
M o re a c ron y m s / s y m bo ls : �
-F L iBe – L ith iu m & b e ry l liu m fl u o ride s alts �
M S R
M o l t e n S a l t R e a c t o r
Courtesy of Idaho National Laboratory. Used with permission.
C oo l a n t : FLi B e , U F 4 T o ut : M ed. - H i g h Fuel : M E U
M o der at or : G r a p hi t e
Pow e r l e v e l s : A l l Pow e r densi t y : H i gh Fe asi b i l i t y: M ed. ( no w )
M S R
S p e c i a l F e a t u re s , P e c u l i a ri t i e s
U n pr e s sur i z ed cor e T h F 4 / U F 4 f l ui d ca n b e
bo t h f uel & c oo l a n t
V er y negat i ve t e m p e r a t u r e c oef f .
H i g h neut r on f l ux ca u ses L i → 3 H , 3 H +F - → H F
( h ydr o f l uo r i c a ci d)
M ol t en FL i B e. I m a g e s o u r c e: W i k i m ed i a C o m m o n s �
O n - si t e sal t r e p r oc ess i ng
C o r e G r o u p - Q u e s t i o n s �
Wh i c h co o lan t t o us e ? � Wh a t o utle t te mp e ratu re ? � Ho w b ig o f a re ac to r? �
P rima ry / s e c o nd a ry / te rt ia ry c y cle s ? �
Re c up e ra tor? �
Ho w m uc h e le c t ric i ty vs . p r o c e s s h ea t? �
Wh e r e i n t h e c y c le s ho u ld p roc e s s h e at ex it? �
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu
22.033 / 22.33 Nuclear Systems Design Project
Fall 20 11
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