In t r o d u ct io n t o t h e In t r o d u ct io n t o Nu clear M at er ials

22.14 – In tro to N u c le a r M a te ria l s F e br ua r y 3, 2014

M at er ials in Nu clear S yst em s

 C our s e G oal s

 I nt r o t o N ucl ear M at er i al s D egr adat i o n

 L W R S peci f i cs

 F as t R eact or S peci f i cs

 F us i on R eact or S peci f i cs

 W as t e C ani s t er S peci f i cs

 M at er i al D egr adat i o n and F ai l ur e

Co u r se G o als

 O bt ai n a bas i c know l edg e of key degr adat i o n phenom ena and m at er i al l i m i t at i ons i n nucl ear ene r gy t echnol og i es

 O bt ai n a bas i c know l edg e of m echani ca l p ro p e rt i e s ; st re ss - s t r ai n r el at i ons hi p , p la s tic it y , s lip , f r a c tu r e

Co u r se G o als

 U nder s t and and quant i f y r adi at i on dam age; ene r gy t r ans f e r , di s pl acem en t c ro ss- s ect i ons , di s pl acem ent r at e

 U nder s t and r adi at i on e f f ect m echani s m s ; r adi at i on i nduced s egr egat i on , s w el l i ng, har deni n g, em br i t t l em en t

Kn o w Y o u r S yst em s – LW R s

h t t p : // ww w . n r c . g ov / r e ac t or s/ p wr s. h t m l

Rev is it : M a r . 1 7 ( Sy s t em Reca p)

h t t p : // ww w . n r c . g ov / r e ac t or s/ b wr s. h t m l

T y p ic a l B o ili n g - Wat e r R e ac t or

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P W R M at er ial M ap

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Kn o w Y o u r S yst em s – F ast React o r s

Rev is it : M a r . 1 7 ( Sy s t em Reca p)

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Kn o w Y o u r S yst em s – T o kam ak ( F u sio n ) , IT E R

Rev is it : M a r . 17 ( Sy s t em Reca p)

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h t t p : / / w w w . o d e c . c a / p r o j e c t s / 2 007 / e w ar 7 j2 / Nu c l e ar % 20 P o w e r % 20 % 28 F us i o n% 29 . h tm

Kn o w Y o u r S yst em s – T o kam ak ( F u sio n ) , M IT Alca t o r

Rev is it : M a r . 17 ( Sy s t em Reca p)

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Kn o w Y o u r S yst em s – W ast e Can ist er

M . S . Yi m a n d K. L. Mu rt y . JO M , 52 ( 9) ( 2000) , pp. 26 - 29

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Rev is it : M a r . 1 7 ( Sy s t em Reca p)

Courtesy of 2015 World Nuclear Association. Used with permission.

O ver all M at er ials S cien ce P h ilo so p h y

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S o u r ce: W i k i m ed i a C o m m o n s , Ma t eri a l s S ci en ce T et ra h ed r o n

Backg r o u n d : G r ain s

Rev is it : F eb. 1 0 ( Cry s t a l St ruct ur es )

Fe - 12C r - 2S i f e r r it ic alloy gr ain s, 50x, e t c h e d w it h K allin g ' s r e age n t

 M o s t m e ta ls a r e gra nul a r i n na t ure

 G r ai ns ar e s i n g l e c r y s ta ls

 G r ai n boundar i e s

s ep ar at e t h em

Backg r o u n d : P h ases

Rev is it : F eb. 1 0 ( Cry s t a l St ruct ur es )

 W h en el em en t s m i x , di f fe re nt phase s form

 Pha s e : A c ohe r e nt c om pos i t i on & m ic ro s tru c tu re

 Inc l ude s al l oys , i n t erm et a l l i c

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P ea rlit e, o r f errit e/ce m en t i t e, pha s es in ca rbo n s t eel

c om pounds. . .

I m a ge sour c e : http:/ /h sc . c su . e du . a u/ e ng i n e e r i ng _ stu d ie s / a pplic a ti o n/ c i vi l /1 - 1/ a ns w e r s. ht m l

 Ex am p l e: S t eel

( p ear l i t e)

Backg r o u n d : P h ase Diag r am s

Rev is it : F eb. 12 ( P ha s e Dia g ra m s )

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I m a ge sour c e : http:/ /h sc . c su . e du . a u/ e ng i n e e r i ng _ stu d ie s /

Source: ASM Handbook, Volume 3: Alloy Phase Diagrams. Reprinted with permission of ASM International ®.

I ro n - Ca rbo n Bina ry P ha s e Dia g ra m

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a pplic a ti o n/ c i vi l / 1 - 1 / a n swe r s . h tm l

Backg r o u n d : P h ase T r an sit io n s

 O n e p h as e can tr ansfor m in to a not he r

Rev is it : F eb. 12 ( P ha s e T ra ns it io ns )

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I ro n - Ca rbo n Bina ry P ha s e Dia g ra m

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a pplic a ti o n/ c i vi l /1 - 1 / a n swe r s . h t m l

S t eel Heat T r eat m en t

an d M icr o st r u ct u r e

Rev is it : F eb. 12 ( P ha s e T ra ns it io ns ) Als o see 22. 71 J ( P hy s ica l M et a llurg y )

N o r m al i zed D uc t i l e fra c t ure , t ough, not ve ry ha rd

L a r ge r gra i ns , no/ fe w c ra c ks or m a j or de fe c t s

Q ue nc he d V e ry ha rd, N O T t ough, bri t t l e fra c t ure

S m a l l grai ns , ca n form m i c roc ra c ks

T em p er ed

Be s t of bot h, fa i rl y ha rd, fa i rl y t ough, s t rong

M e di um gra i ns , pa rt i a l l y re l a xe d i nt e rna l s t re s s e s

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Heat T r eat m en t

Rev is it : F eb. 12 ( P ha s e T ra ns it io ns ) Als o see 22. 71 J ( P hy s ica l M et a llurg y )

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Jap an e se sw or d t ip , w it h h e at t r e at m e n t lin e

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A nne al i ng : H i gh he a t t o re l a x t he m i c ros t ruc t ure









Q ue nc hi ng : R a pi d c ool dow n t o fre e z e m i c ros t ruc t ure

T em p eri n g : L o w , sl ow he a t for ba l a nc e of prope rt i e s

Prope r he a t t re a t m e nt i s e s s e n tia l

t o c orre c t m a t e ri a l prope rt i e s

 I n co r r ect t r eat m en t can b e di s as t r ous

P r ed ict in g Ch an g e: T T T

Rev is it : F eb. 1 2 ( P ha s e T ra ns it io ns ) Als o s ee 2 2 . 7 1 J ( P hy s ica l M et a llurg y )

 T i m e T em p er at u r e T ra nsform a t i on di a gra m

 Pre di c t m i c ros t ruc t ure , p r o p e r tie s v s. tim e a t t em p er at u r e ( k in e tic s )

S o u rce:

Courtesy of Ronald D. Kriz. Used with permission.

 C hoos e your he a t

w w w .s v.vt .e d u / c l as s e s / M S E 2094 _N ot e B ook / 96 C l as s P r o j / e x am p l e s / k i m t t t .h t m l

t r eat m en t & ef f ect s

W eld in g an d t h e HAZ

HAZ Cr ackin g in a BW R

Fig. 1-1, 1-3 (a) and (b) in Ford, F. Peter . "Environmentally-Assisted Degradation of Structural Materials in Water Cooled Nuclear Reactors." Advanced Nuclear Technology International Europe AB , October 2006 removed due to copyright restrictions.

P . F or d . “E n vi r on m e n t al l y - A s s i s t e d D e gr ad at i on of S t r u c t u r al M at e r i al s i n W at e r C ool e d N u c l e ar R e ac t or s .” A N T I n t e r n at i on al , 2006.

T h e Davis- Besse In cid en t

Fig. 1-1, 1-3 (a) and (b) in Ford, F. Peter . "Environmentally-Assisted Degradation of Structural Materials in Water Cooled Nuclear Reactors." Advanced Nuclear Technology International Europe AB , October 2006 removed due to copyright restrictions.

P . F or d . “E n vi r on m e n t al l y - A s s i s t e d D e gr ad at i on of S t r u c t u r al M at e r i al s i n W at e r C ool e d N u c l e ar R e ac t or s .” A N T I n t e r n at i on al , 2006.

Y o u n g ' s M o d u lu s ( E )

Rev is it : F eb. 2 6 ( M echa nica l P r o pert ies )

Measu r es el ast i c de f or m a t i on vs . s t r e s s

So u r ce: W ik im ed i a C o m m o n s

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G r ain S iz e vs. S t r en g t h

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H a l l - P et ch ef f ect o f g ra in s iz e v s . st r eng t h

Rev is it : F eb. 2 6 ( M echa nica l P r o pert ies )

 M i c ros t ruc t ure c ha nge s m a ny prope rt i e s

 S m al l er g r ai n s i ze l e a ds t o hi ghe r str e n g th

 Cal l ed t h e Ha l l - Pet ch ef f ect

F r act u r e T o u g h n ess

Rev is it : F eb. 26 ( M echa nica l P r o pert ies )

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So u r ce: W ik im ed i a C o m m o n s

F r actu r e T o u g h n ess (K Ic )

Rev is it : F eb. 26 ( M echa nica l P r o pert ies )

R esi st an ce t o cr ack pr opa ga t i on

- Y 1 , Y 2 ar e g eo m et r i c f act o r s n ear 1

- σ * , F * ar e cr i t i ca l st r ess an d f o r ce, r esp ect i v e l y

So u r ce: in v en to r . g r an tad es ig n . co m

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T o u g h n ess (G c )

Rev is it : F eb. 2 6 ( M echa nica l P r o pert ies )

M eas ur es t he ener gy i t t akes t o s epar at e a m at er i al

So u r ce: in v en to r . g r an tad es ig n . co m

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Har d n ess

Rev is it : F eb. 2 6 ( M echa nica l P r o pert ies )

M eas ur es t he r es i s t ance t o pl as t i c def or m at i o n

– N O T t oughne ss !!! N O T st re ngt h!!!

M eas ur ed w i t h s m al l i ndent at i on s

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see http://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/ . license. For more information,

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So u r ce: W ik im ed i a C o m m o n s : V ick er s h ar d n es s tes t s ch em ati c, in d en ter , an d in d en tatio n o n s teel

W eld in g an d t h e HAZ

Courtesy of Stan T. Mandziej. Used with permission.

 H A Z: H eat A f f ect ed Z one

 G et s h eat t r eat ed b y vi rt ue of proxi m i t y to w e ld

 M uc h c ra c ki ng ha ppe ns he re !

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P r o cessin g M et h o d s

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Cast in g

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So u r ce: W ik im ed i a C o m m o n s

 C ool i ng m ol t e n m et al f r o m a m el t

 H uge gra i ns, de ndri t e s from c ool i ng

 Lef t : A m e te o r ite , th e u ltim a te c a s t m i c ros t ruc t ure

Ro llin g

Courtesy of Elsevier, Inc., http://www.sciencedirect.com . Used with permission. Source: Zheng, C et al. " Microstructure P rediction of the A ustenite R ecrystallization during M ulti-pass S teel S trip H ot R olling: A C ellular A utomaton M odeling ." Computa - tional Materials Science 44 (2008): 507-14.

So u r ce: C . Z h en g et al. C o mp . M a t. S ci. 44( 2) : 507 ( 2008) .

 D i r ect i o n al i zed forc e

 C a n e l onga t e gra i ns , i nduc e r e c r y s ta lliz a tio n (re form a t i on of gra i ns )

 C a n be done hot or co l d

F o r g in g

Image of forging removed due to copyright restrictions.

 B re a ki ng up t he m i c ros t ruc t ure w i t h m ech an i cal f o r ce

 U sua l l y done hot

 Red u ces g r ai n s i ze

 D i re c t i ona l l y w orks s t eel

S our c e : t he m i dni ght c a r ve r . bl ogs pot . c o m / 201 1/ 01/ f or ge d. ht m l

F o r g in g

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So u r ce: h ttp ://s if co 100 . co m /wh en - onl y - a - ha mme r - w il l - do/

Ho w Do T h in g s F ail?

1. O ve r l oad

2 . C r e e p R upt ur e

3. F ati gu e

4. Br i ttl e F r ac tu r e

5. W as tage

Rev is it : M a r . 3 ( F a ilur e)

7. R ad i ati on D amage

E ve r yon e - S w e llin g Ju s t u s ...

- V oi d nu c l e ati on

- H e l i u m e mb r i ttl e me n t

6. En vi r on me n tal l y En h an c e d

• G e n e r al C or r os i on

• S t r e ss Co r r o si o n Cr a c k i n g

• H y dr o g e n Emb r i ttl e me n t

• C or r os i on F ati gu e

• I n te r gr an u l ar A ttac k

• Er os i on / C or r os i on

• C r e e p / F ati gu e I n te r ac ti on

• L i qui d M e t a l Emb r i ttl e me n t

• P i tti n g

• F r e tti n g

• D e z i n c i fi c ati on

- R ad i ati on i n d u c e d s e gr agati on

- I rra d i a t i o n cr eep

- Los s of d u c ti l i ty

- D e fe c t acc u mu l ati on

- F r ac tu r e tou gh n e s s r e d u c ti on

-A c ti vati on

- P h as e d i s s ol u ti on

Cr eep : Backg r o u n d 0- D an d 1- D Def ect s

Rev is it : F eb. 2 4 ( Def ect s , Dis lo ca t io ns )

E d g e Di sl o cat i o n

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Cr eep

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Rev is it : M a r . 3 ( Cr eep, P la s t icit y )

 Pl a s t i c fl ow unde r c o n s ta n t s tr e ss

 T e ns i on, gra vi t y . . .

 H a ppe ns w e l l be l ow y ie ld str e s s

 M u ltip le m o d e s (C obl e , N a ba rro - He r r i n g ...)

So u r ce: W ik im ed i a C o m m o n s

F at ig u e

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Rev is it : M a r . 3 (Fa ti g u e )

 Rep eat ed ap p l i cat i o n o f s tr e s s

 Can cau s e cr ack s t o grow

 Induc e d by vi bra t i ons, m ech an i cal l o ad i n g

 T e llta le “ f a tig u e str ia tio n s”

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F at ig u e: S- N Cu r ves

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Rev is it : M a r . 3 (Fa ti g u e )

 St re ss (S) vs . num be r of c yc l e s ( N)

 L o w e r lim it o f s tr e s s (w he re N is i nfi ni t e ) i s t h e “ s af e zo n e”

S our c e : w w w .nd e - e d.or g / E duc a t i onR e s our c e s / C om m uni t y C ol l e ge / M a t e r i a l s / M e c h a ni c a l / S - N F at i g u e. h t m

Du ct ile/Br it t le F r act u r e

Rev is it : M a r . 3 ( F ra ct ur e)

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Duct ile F ra ct ur e

w w w .i j m e .us / i s s ue s / s pr i ng 2004/ I J M E _B i om a t e r i a l _R e vi s e d2.ht m

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B rit t le F ra ct ur e

h ttp ://s ite . c h r is te n s e n ma te r ia ls . c o m/S e r v ic e s . h tml