T h e Big Ban g, C o smic In flatio n , an d th e Latest O b ser v atio n s
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8. 225 / STS. 042, Ph ys i cs i n t he 20t h C ent ur y Pr of es s or D a vi d K ai s e r , 7 D ecem ber 2020
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1 . Su ccesses o f th e Big Ban g M o d el
2 . Sh o r tco min gs o f th e B ig Ban g M o d el
3 . C o smic In flatio n an d Lar ge - Scale Str u ctu r e
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Larg e - S cal e S t r uct ur e
Image is in the public domain.
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w ar p i
In g r e d i e n ts G en er al Relat i vit y : n g sp acetim e
Einstein © Bettmann/CORBIS. Space curve © LAGUNA DESIGN/SPL. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.
M at t er , in clu d in g — hur r a y ! — th e H ig g s b o so n
Images to right: Courtesy of CERN. Used under CC BY.
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W arp i n g Sp ac et i m e
Einstein © Bettmann/CORBIS. Space curve © LAGUNA DESIGN/ SPL. Geometries © AAAS. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.
R - 1 g R = 8 v G T
2
c 4
cu r v at u r e o f s p acet i m e = d i s t r i b u t i o n o f m at t er an d en er gy
5
E x pandi ng U ni v er s e
ag e o f t h e u n i v ers e = 1 3 . 8 b i l l i o n y ear s
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H ubbl e Spac e T el es cop e
Right: Image is in the public domain. 6
E in s te i n
Lem aî t r e
If th e u n i v er se is e x pa ndi ng to d a y , it mu st h a v e b een smaller in th e p ast.
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T he uni v e rs e be g a n in a v e ry hot , de ns e s ta te an d h as b een exp an d i n g ev er s i n ce.
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Rem nant G l o w
A t ear l y t i mes, t h e u n i v er se w as so h o t t h at i n d i vi d u al p h o to n s car r ied mo r e en er gy (o n a v er age) th an th e b in d in g en er gy o f a h yd r o gen ato m.
Phot ons ar e t r apped bet w een c har ged par t i cl es .
N +
e -
T > 1 0 4 K
t < 380, 000 y e a r s
O nl y a r ound t = 380, 000 y e a rs c oul d ne ut r a l a t om s f orm :
Phot ons ar e fre e . A s t he uni v er s e expands , t hei r w a v e le n g th s ge t stre tc h e d .
e -
N +
T oda y t he uni v er s e i s fille d w ith th is r a d ia tio n :
C o s mi c Mi c r o w a v e B a c k g r ound R a di a t i on
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N +
e -
T > 1 0 4 K
t < 380, 000 y e a r s
Li ke a D an c e P art y…
T < 1 0 4 K
t > 380, 000 y e a r s
[Still image from Harry Potter removed due to copyrigh t restrictions.]
e -
N +
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A cci d en t al D i s co v er y
A r no P en zi as
Robe r t W ils o n
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Q ues t i ons ?
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Cl oc k s a nd R ul e r s
I t i s c on v e ni e nt t o us e c oor di na t e s t ha t t a k e i nt o a c c ount t he s t r et c hi ng of s pace:
our w or l d l i ne
l i ght r a ys
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Fl at n ess P ro b l em
A f l at u n i v ers e ha s = 1
F r om Ei ns t ei n ’ s equat i ons :
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O v e r tim e , s houl d f l o w a w ay fr o m 1 . A fte r 1 4 b illio n y ear s , w h y d o w e s ee an yt h i n g e v e n c l os e t o 1 t oda y ?
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H or i z on P r obl e m
T = 1 0 - 5
T
W e r ecei v e C M B p hot ons t od a y
CM B
p hot ons em i t t ed
d hor i z on
r
At t cm b
, r >> d hor i z on
R o b er t D ic ke an d J am es P eeb les , 1 9 7 9 14
H or i z on P r obl e m
0
c mb
T = 1 0 - 5
T
W e r ecei v e C M B p hot ons t od a y
Pl us : W h y t he Lum ps ?
CM B
p hot ons em i t t ed
d hor i z on
r
At t cm b
r
, r >> d hor i z on
R o b er t D ic ke an d J am es P eeb les , 1 9 7 9
Ping pong balls © source unknown. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/f a 1 q 5 -fair-use/
Q ues t i ons ?
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T hi s ha ppe ns na t ur a l l y w i t h H i g g s - l i ke m at t er; i t d o es n ’ t o ccu r f o r m at t er l i ke p ro t o n s an d
el ect ro n s .
Above left © Alan Guth/Boston Globe. Above right © source unknown. Bottom © Alan Guth/Adler Planetarium/ Astronomy Museum in Chicago. All rights reserved. This content is excluded fr om our Creative Commons license. For
more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/
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I n f l a t i o n
A l a n G ut h
F r o m gen er al r elati vit y , if ~ co n stan t, th en a ( t ) ~ e ! t .
I n f l a t i o n
St ei nhar dt
A l br ec ht
St ar obi ns k y
Li nde
T hi s ha ppe ns na t ur a l l y w i t h H i g g s - l i ke m at t er; i t d o es n ’ t o ccu r f o r m at t er l i ke p ro t o n s an d el ect ro n s .
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Albrecht © source unknown.
Steinhardt © A. Ijjas. Starobinsky
© Gruber Foundation. Linde © BBC. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see https:// ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/
In fl a ti o n S o l v es th e F l a tn e s s P ro b l e m
so as a ( t ) gets b ig an d
r em ain s co n stan t, 1.
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= 1. 0007 ± 0. 0037
Lat es t meas u r emen t :
Pl a nc k c ol l a bor a t i on, a r Xi v : 1807. 06211
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I n f l at i o n So l v es t h e H o ri zo n P ro b l em
0
c mb
W e r ecei v e C M B p hot ons t od a y
CM B
p hot ons em i t t ed
r
t ~ 10 - 36 se c
a ( t e nd ) > e 70 ~ 10 30
a ( t i )
r
r
I n f latio n
d hor i z on
20
I n f l at i o n So l v es t h e H o ri zo n P ro b l em
0
c mb
W e r ecei v e C M B p hot ons t od a y
CM B
p hot ons em i t t ed
I n f latio n
r
21
I n f l at i o n So l v es t h e H o ri zo n P ro b l em
0
c mb
W e r ecei v e C M B p hot ons t od a y
CM B
p hot ons em i t t ed
I n f latio n
r
22
I n f l at i o n So l v es t h e H o ri zo n P ro b l em
0
c mb
W e r ecei v e C M B p hot ons t od a y
CM B
p hot ons em i t t ed
r
r
I n f latio n
d hor i z on
23
I n f l at i o n So l v es t h e H o ri zo n P ro b l em
0
c mb
W e r ecei v e C M B p hot ons t od a y
CM B
p hot ons em i t t ed
r
I n f latio n
t ~ 1 0 - 36 s ec
a ( t ) gr o w s b y 1 0 30 !
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I n f l at i o n So l v es t h e H o ri zo n P ro b l em
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excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/fa q 2 - f 5 air-use/
P r im o r d ia l W ig g le s
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h /2
He i s e nbe r g
x p !
G r a v i t y st r e t c he s a n d a m pl i f i e s qua nt u m f l uc t ua t i on s
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P r im o r d ia l W ig g le s
Galaxy courtesy of ESO. Used under CC BY. All other images © source unknown. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see
https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair- use/
He i s e nbe r g
a ( t ) gr o w s b y 10 30 !
G r a v i t y st r e t c he s a n d a m pl i f i e s qua nt u m f l uc t ua t i on s
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Fr o m t o B u m p s o n t h e Sk y
T = 1 0 - 5
T
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Phot ons r e l e a se d a t t cm b m ap t h e d i s t ri b u t i o n o f m at t er an d en ergy at t cm b .
T
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Fr o m t o B u m p s o n t h e Sk y
Image is in the public domain.
T = 1 0 - 5
T
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Phot ons r e l e a se d a t t cm b m ap t h e d i s t ri b u t i o n o f m at t er an d en ergy at t cm b .
T
29
P r i m or di al S pect r um
30
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P lan c k s atellite
Pl a nc k c ol l a bor a t i on, a r Xi v : 1807. 06211
P r i m or di al G r a v i t y W a v es
S pace curve © LAGUNA DESIGN/SPL Water © source unknown. Stretched human © Augira group, IFN, Italy. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.
Spacet i m e can w i ggl e i n a d iffe r e n t w a y , to o : gr a vi t y w a v es per i odi cal l y s t r et c h and s queeze obj ect s as t hey pas s t hr ough a r egi on.
A u r iga d etecto r gr o u p , IN FN , Italy
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P r i m or di al G r a v i t y W a v es
S pace curve © LAGUNA DESIGN/SPL Water © source unknown. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.
d iffe r e n t w a y , to o : gr a vi t y w a v es per i odi cal l y s t r et c h and s queeze obj ect s as t hey pas s t hr ough a r egi on.
Spacet i m e can w i ggl e i n a
LIGO graph Courtesy of Abbott et al, American Physical Society. Used under CC BY.
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P r i m or di al G r a v i t y W a v es
G r a v ity w a v e s fr o m in fla tio n w o u ld s t r et c h and s q ueeze t he s pacet i m e i n w h ic h h y d r o g e n a to m s w e r e f ir s t f or m i ng , a ddi ng a p o la riz a t io n or cor ks cr ew pat t er n t o t he em i t t ed l i ght .
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G r a v i t y W a v es D et ect ed ?
Left © Peter Rejcek/Natl Sci. Foundation. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see https:// ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/
BI CE P c o l l a b. , Ph ys . R e v . Lett. ( 2014) ,
ar X i v: 1403. 3985
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G r a v i t y W a v es D et ect ed ?
© Flauger, Hill, and Spergel. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/
Th e B - m ode s i gnal det ect ed b y B I C EP i s cons i s t ent w i t h
l ate - uni v er s e dus t ( “f or egr ounds ”) , r at her t han p r i m or d i al
gr a vi t at i onal w a v es .
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F la u g e r , H ill, S p e rg e l, 1 4 0 5 .7 3 5 1
G r a v i t y W a v es D et ect ed ?
BICEP © Peter Rejcek/Natl Sci.Foundation. Simons © Mark Devlin. South Pole © Jason Gallicchio. Planck © ESA. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/
B I CE P
S i m on s
S out h P ol e T e l e s c op e
Pl a nc k - B I CE P- K e c k c o l l a bor a t i ons , ar Xi v : 1606. 0 1968 S i m ons O bs e r v a t or y c ol l a bor a t i on, a r Xi v : 1808. 07445
Pl a nc k
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Conc l us i ons
C os m i c i nf l a t i on a ri s e s f rom t y pe s of m a t t e r a nd in te r a c tio n s th a t w e n o w k n o w to e x is t — h u rr a y , H i ggs boson! — an d i t ad d res s es s ev er al l o n g - st a ndi ng c osm i c p u zzl es .
In fla tio n m a k e s s ev er al s p eci f i c pr e di c t i ons f or w ha t t he uni v e r s e s houl d l ook l i k e t oda y .
S im p le m o d e ls fit th e la te s t o b s e r v a tio n s to as t o n i s h i n g accu r ac y .
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inf o rmation, see https://ocw.mit.edu/ help /faq-fair-use /
37
B ecau s e s p acet i me i s w i ggl y…
S o W h y i s t he U ni v er s e Lum p y?
… a n d m a tte r is jig g l y .
S pace curve © LAGUNA DESIGN/SPL All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq - fair-use/.
Images to left : Courtesy of CERN. Used under CC BY.
38
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