8 .2 2 5 / S T S .0 4 2 , P h y s ic s in t h e 2 0 t h C e n t u r y

P r o f e s s o r D a v id K a is e r , 9 N o v e m b e r 2 0 2 0

1

Co u n t e r c u l t u re a n d P h y si c s

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I . N e w T o p ic s

II . N e w P atr o n s , N e w F o r u m s

III . FLA SH !

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Qu a n t u m En c r y p t i o n

Right © Optica Publishing Group. Below

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3

Th e C o l d W a r B u b b l e B u r s t s

AI P J o b Pl a c e m e n t Re g i s t r i e s

St u d en t s re g i s t e re d

Jo b s o n of f e r

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1963 449 514

1968 989 253

1970 1010 63

1971 1053 53

4

Th e “ F u n d a m e n t a l F y s i k s G r o u p ”

La w r en c e B er kele y Lab o r ato r y

Fo u n d e d i n B e r k e l e y ,

1975. C or e m e m be r s ha d be e n Ph. D . s t ude nt s

dur i ng t he pos t - Sp u t n i k

boom , w ho g r a dua t e d j us t as t h e p h ys i cs j o b - ma r k e t cr as h ed .

“I t w oul d b e eas i er t o l ear n ab out al l t hi s m at er i al i f w e got to g e th e r f o r i n f o r m a l d i s c u s s i o n s a n d l e c tu r e s . ” El i zab et h R au s c h er

Th e y w e r e t r a i n e d i n t h e e r a o f “ s h u t u p an d cal cu l at e , ” b u t w er e s t i l l cu r i o u s ab o u t th e fo u n d a tio n s o f q u a n tu m m e c h a n ic s .

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5

“S pook y A c t ion s a t a D is t anc e ”

B

S

1

2

1

2

A

Jo h n S . B e l l

“ B e ll ’ s T h e o r e m , ” 1964

En tan gl em en t:

T h e w h o l e i s

m o re t h an t h e

s u m o f i t s p art s .

Th e o u t c o m e s o f meas u r emen t s o n A an d B a re mo r e s tr o n gly c o rre l a t e d th a n if e a c h pa r t i c l e ha d i t s o w n, in d i v id u a l p ro p e rtie s .

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“R eno w ned ”

To d a y B e l l ’ s t h e o r e m i s a m o n g t h e t o p 0. 01% m ost - ci t ed art i cl es i n al l o f p h ys i cs . Bu t i t t o o k a l o n g t i m e t o g e t t h e r e …

Du r i n g t h e e a r l y

pe r i od, 72% of a l l U S - ba s e d a r t i c l e s on B e l l ’ s th e o r e m c a m e fr o m

me mb e r s o f t h e F F G .

(T h e p r o p o r tio n r is e s to 86% if o n e in c lu d e s ac kn o w l ed gem en t s . )

7

Fi r s t E x p e r i m e n t a l T e s t

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Jo h n C l a u s e r i n h i s B e r k e l e y l a b , 1 9 7 0 s

8

ESP

Fr o m t o P s i

“T h e am b i gu i t y i n t h e i n t e r - pr e t a t i o n o f Q M l e a v e s a m pl e ro o m f o r t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f ps y c h o k i n e t i c a n d t e l e pa t h i c ef f ect s . ”

“M y p er s o n al p r o f es s i o n al ju d g m e n t a s a P h . D . p h y s ic is t is th a t [ U r i ] G e l l e r d e m o n s tr a te d gen u i n e p s yc h o - en er get i c ab i l i t y . ”

Ja c k S a r f a t t i , 1 9 7 4 - 75

• T el ep at h y

• P reco gn i t i o n

• R em o t e V i ew i n g

• P s yc h o ki n es i s

Us e Q M — es peci al l y B el l ’ s th e o r e m a n d n o n lo c a lity — to expl ai n par aps yc hol ogy ( “ps i ”) phenom ena

Ur i Ge l l e r

© source unknown. All rights

Ha r o l d P u t h o f f , R u s s e l l T a r g : paper s i n Na t u r e , Pr oc. I EEE

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9

Co u n t e r c u l t u r e D a r l i n g s

Sar fatti an d co . w er e “ go in g in to tr an ces, w o r kin g at telep at h y , an d d ip p in g in to th eir su b co n scio u s in exp er imen ts to w ar d p syc h ic mo b i l i t y . ” Ci t y Ma g a z i n e [ S F ] , 1 9 7 5

Ja c k S a r f a t t i , S a u l - Pa u l S i r a g , Ni c k He r be r t , F r e d A l a n W ol f , 1975

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Si m i l ar d es cr i p t i o n s ap p ear ed i n m agazi n es an d n ew s p ap er s th r o u g h o u t C a lifo r n ia ; as f ar a w a y as t h e Ne w Ha m p s h i r e S u n d a y

Ne ws ; a n d in Ti m e an d

Ne ws we e k .

10

Qu e s t i o n s ?

11

Ne w P a t r o n s : C I A a n d t h e “ P s i Ga p ”

CI A + DI A f u n d i n g f o r “ E S Pi ona g e ”

1972:

$50k

[ $250k ]

1973:

$150k

[ $700k ]

1979:

$1m / y r

[ $3m / y r ]

1984 - 89:

$10m

[ $20m ]

1991:

$1m / y r

[ $1. 5m / y r ]

Pr og r a m c a nc e l e d i n 1995 [ ? ]

DI A r e p o r t , J u l y 1 9 7 2

Image is in the public domain.

12

Ne w P a t r o n s : Ne w A g e G u r u s

Mo s t i m p o r t a n t n e w p a t r o n : “ W e r n e r E r h a r d ” ( a k a Ja c k Ro s e n b e r g ) , f o u n d e r o f “E r h a r d S e m i n a r s T r a i n i n g ” ( es t ).

Articles of Incorporation © source unknown. EST © Harper Collins. 60 Minutes © Breakthru Pub. Outrageous Betrayal © St. Martins Press.

Werner Erhard © Clarkson Potter All rights reserved. This content is

excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/

13

Ne w P a t r o n s

Ov e r l a p p i n g p a t r o n s : es t Fo u n d a t i o n P h y s i c s c o n f e r e n c e s , 1977 - 85.

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14

Ph y s i c s

Mo n t h at t h e

Es al en I n s t i t u t e

Ja n 1 9 7 6

Bi g T h o u gh t s i n Bi g Su r

“ P er h ap s a n ew ki n d o f i n s p i r ed ph y s i c i s t , e x pe r i e n c e d i n t h e y o g i c mo d e s o f p e r c e p t i o n , mu s t em er ge t o co m p r eh en d t h e f u r t h er re a c h e s o f m a t t e r , s p a c e , a n d ti m e . ” Es al en cat al o g

Th e Be l l ’ s

Th e o r e m S t u d y

Gr oup , 1 9 7 6 - 88,

be c a m e t he

lo n g e s t r u n n in g

Es alen In s titu te, B ig Su r , C A

wo r k s h o p i n

Es al en ’ s h i s t o r y

H. P . S t a pp ( L B L ) l e c t ur i ng i n t he “B i g H o u s e ” a t E s a l e n

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Sp r e a d i n g t h e W o r d

Th e e d i t o r o f t h e Ph ys i cal R evi ew had ba n n e d ar t i cl es on t he in te r p r e ta tio n o f Q M , e v e n dr a w i ng up a s peci al s heet of in s tr u c tio n s fo r r e fe r e e s .

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So t he new m at er i al got sh u n t e d i n t o u n u su a l f o ru m s, su c h a s t h e m i m e o g r a p h e d “u n d er gr o u n d n ew s l et t e r , ” Ep i s t em ol ogi cal Let t er s .

16

Th e “ U n i c o r n ” P r e p r i n t S e r v i c e

Ir a Ein h o r n w ith A b b ie H o ffm an , late 1 9 6 0 s

Ein h o r n at fir s t Ear th D a y r all y , 1970

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Th e “ U n i c o r n ” P r e p r i n t S e r v i c e

Ir a Ein h o r n w ith A b b ie H o ffm an , late 1 9 6 0 s

In v es tigato r s r em o v e th e r em ain s o f H o lly Ma d d u x f r o m E i n h o r n ’ s a p a r t m e n t

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Ein h o r n m u gs h o ts , 1 9 7 9

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Ca p r a i n t h e Cl a s s r o o m

Ph y s i c s T od a y : n o t o n ly d id C a p r a ’ s b o o k g e t th e ph y s i c s r i g ht ; i t c ouc he d ph y s i c s i n “ t he i m m e di a t e , fe e lin g - or i e nt e d v i s i on of t he m y s t i c s o a t t r a c t i v e t o ma n y o f o u r b e s t s t u d e n t s . ”

Am e r i c a n J o u r n a l o f P h y s i c s : “ It s h o u ld be e m pha s i z e d t ha t m os t of t he s e s t ude nt s wo u l d n o t h a v e t a k e n a n o f f e r i n g i n t h e

Ph y s i c s D e pa r t m e nt i f i t w e r e not t hi s one . ”

19

Qu e s t i o n s ?

20

Su p e r l u mi n a l T e l e gr a p h y

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“[ T h e d evi ce co u l d ] gi v e i n s t an t co m m u n i cat i o n b et w een an i nt el l i gence agent and hi s headquar t er s . I n t hi s cas e, w e wo u l d u s e . . . c o r r e l a t e d p s y c h o - act i v e m ol ecul es s uc h as LS D , af f ect i ng t he neur ot r ans m i t t er c hem i s t r y . ”

21

Eb e r h a r d ’ s Re s p o n s e

A

B

1

2

S

1 2

GG R G RR GG R … G RR GG R G RR …

If o n e o n ly h a s a c c e s s to th e o u tp u t a t one s i d e , th e n o n e fin d s a

ra n d o m pa t t e r n of G an d R . T h e r e is n o w a y to k n o w th a t e a c h out put i s cor r e l a t e d wi t h t h e o u t p u t s a t t h e d i s t a n t d e t e c t o r u n t i l one sh a re s i n f o rm a t i o n ab o u t t h e d i s t an t d et ect o r s et t i n gs an d

me a s u r e me n t o u t c o me s b y s o me me a n s — at o r b el o w t h e s p eed of l i g ht . *

22

* S e e o p t i o n a l L e c t u r e N o t e s o n “B e l l ’ s i n e q u a l i t y a n d q u a n t u m e n t a n g l e m e n t ”

Eb e r h a r d ’ s Re s p o n s e

A

B

1

2

S

1 2

GG R G RR GG R … G RR GG R G RR …

Eb er h ar d ’ s co n cl u s i o n : t h e p r o o f d ep en d ed on s e v e r a l a s s um pt i ons , w hi c h m i g ht f a i l . “C o n s e q u e n t l y a n y a t t e m p t t o d i s c o u r a g e t h e wo r k t h a t i s b e i n g p e r f o r m e d [ b y t h e F F G ] wo u l d b e e i t h e r f u t i l e o r c o u n t e r p r o d u c t i v e . ”

23

FLA S H *

Ci r c u l a r p o l a r i z a t i o n st a t e s ( R , L ) a n d p la n e pol a r i z a t i on s t a t e s ( H , V )

st a t i o n 1

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If m e a s u r e A in th e ( R , L ) b a s is a n d fin d L , th e n B sh o u l d f i n d :

st a t i o n 2

H : 2 5

V : 2 5

st a t i o n 1

R : 5 0

L : 0

Pr e pa r e en t an gl ed s t at es at t h e s o u r ce

st a t i o n 2

so u r c e

Me a s u r e p h o t o n A in ei t her th e ( H , V ) or th e ( R , L ) b a s is . N e x t p h o to n B ent er s a la s e r g a in tu b e , w h ic h e m its ma n y c o p i e s of phot on B . Send hal f of t hos e copi es t o sta ti o n 1 , w h ic h me a s u r e s i n t h e ( R , L ) b a s is , a n d h a lf th e c o p ie s to sta ti o n 2 , w h ic h m e a s u r e s in th e ( H , V ) b a s is .

If m e a s u r e A in th e ( H , V ) b a s is a n d fin d H , th e n B sh o u l d f i n d :

st a t i o n 1

R : 2 5

L : 2 5

st a t i o n 2

H : 0

V : 5 0

24

FLA S H *

st a t i o n 2

so u r c e

st a t i o n 1

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If m e a s u r e A in th e ( R , L ) b a s is a n d fin d L , th e n B sh o u l d f i n d :

st a t i o n 1 st a t i o n 2

R : 5 0

L : 0

H : 2 5

V : 2 5

NSF image is in the public domain.

*F i r s t Las e r - Am p l i f i e d S u p e r l u m i n a l H o o k u p

25

Fr o m N o C l o n i n g …

vi a Ei nhor n net w or k

Fr o m lin e a r it y :

| R ⟩ = [ | H ⟩ + i | V ⟩ ], s o t h e a m p l i f i e r y i e l d s

| R ⟩ → [| HHH… ⟩ + i | VVV … ⟩ ], r a t h e r t h a n [| H ⟩ + i | V ⟩ ] N .

Me a s u r e m e n t w o u l d y i e l d al l H or al l V (e a c h wi t h 50% pr oba bi l i t y ) , not 50 c opi e s of e a c h.

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Wo j c i e c h Z u r e k ’ s n o t e b o o k 26

… T o Q u a n t u m E n c r y p t i o n

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see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair- use 27

Pr oduc t i v e M is t ake s

“T h e r e w a s a t i m e , w e l l o v e r a c e n t u r y a g o , w h e n cl ev er s c h em es t o co n s t r u ct p er p et u al m o t i o n ma c h i n e s w e r e a l l t h e r a g e . T h e e f f o r t s p e n t o n th e m w a s n o t a ll w a s te d ; th e y d id h e lp te a c h u s tw o im p o r ta n t p r in c ip le s o f th e r m o d y n a m ic s . [ … ] T h e sa m e i n f e r n a l i n g e n u i t y t h a t o n c e w e n t i n t o pe r pe t ua l m ot i on m a c hi ne s i s no w s ug g e s t i ng me a n s f o r c o mmu n i c a t i n g f a s t e r t h a n l i g h t . [ … ] So m e o f t h es e ar e i n t er es t i n g s c h em es ; t h ey t o o mi g h t j u s t b e c a p a b l e o f t e a c h i n g u s s o me t h i n g . ”

“N i c k H e r b e r t ’ s e r r o n e o u s pa pe r w a s a s pa r k t ha t

gen er at ed i m m en s e p r o gr es s . ”

28

Gr o o v y En t a n gl e me n t s

Fi r s t e x p e r i m e n t a l t e s t s

Co m p a t i b i l i t y o f B e l l ’ s th e o re m a n d re la ti v ity

Qu an t u m l i mi t s t o amp l i f i er s

Qu as i - Te x t b o o k s

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E a rl y le s s o n p la n s

Th i s w o r k — wi t h a l l i t s e x c e s s e s — hel ped t o br i ng f oundat i onal t opi cs bac k i nt o U S ph ys i cs cl as s r oom s .

29

MIT OpenCourseWare

https://ocw.mit.edu

STS.042J / 8.225J Einstein, Oppenheimer, Feynman: Physics in the 20th Century

Fall 202 0

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